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In most animals, the
relationship between pheromones and mating is
straightforward. Sea urchins, for example, release
pheromones into the surrounding water, sending a chemical
message that triggers other urchins in the colony to eject
their sex cells simultaneously.
Human pheromones, on the
other hand, are highly individualized, and not always
noticeable. In 1986 Dr. Winifred Cutler, a biologist and
behavioral endocrinologist, codiscovered pheromones in our
underarms. She and her team of researchers found that once
any overbearing underarm sweat was removed, what remained
were the odorless materials containing the pheromones.
Dr. Cutler's original
studies in the '70s showed that women who have regular sex
with men have more regular menstrual cycles than women who
have sporadic sex. Regular sex delayed the decline of
estrogen and made women more fertile. This led the
research team to look for what the man was providing in
the equation. By 1986 they realized it was pheromones.
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Menstrual
Synchronization
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There's more on how
pheromones affect women's menstrual cycles. Think back to
college, or to growing up if you had sisters. Most women
who live with or near other women adjust their menstrual
cycle timing to each other. A recent study at the
University of Chicago by Martha McClintock exposed a group
of women to a whiff of perspiration from other women. It
caused their menstrual cycles to speed up or slow down
depending on the time in the month the sweat was collected
-- before, during or after ovulation. This was the first
proof that people produce and respond to pheromones.
Although it's now clear
that pheromones exist, the way our body processes them has
yet to be determined. Animals have a vomeronasal organ (VNO),
which perceives the substance and then leads them to mate.
Some anatomists don't think humans have a VNO; others
think they've found pits inside our nostrils that might be
VNOs, but may not work.
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Implications for
Fertility and Depression
¡@
Despite the gap in our
knowledge, these remarkable studies about pheromones and
menstrual cycles have brought to light the idea that
pheromones could be used as fertility treatments for
couples who want to conceive, or as contraceptives for
those who don't. And couples who are having sexual
problems could use pheromones combined with traditional
therapy to enhance desire. It's also possible, some
researchers say, that pheromones could be a mood enhancer,
alleviating depression and stress. And the most
far-reaching hypothesis so far is that pheromone treatment
could control prostate activity in men to reduce the risk
of cancer.
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Subtle but Strong
Influence
¡@
If you're looking for the
man or woman of your dreams, unsuspecting pheromones in
your body scent are most likely playing a large and very
clever role in mate attraction. According to an article in
"Psychology Today," how our body odors are perceived as
pleasant and sexy to another person is a highly selective
process. We usually smell best to a person whose
genetically based immunity to disease differs most from
our own. This could benefit you in the long run, making
for stronger, healthier children.
Seventy-four percent of the
people who tested a commercial pheromone called Athena,
developed by Dr. Cutler, experienced an increase in
hugging, kissing and sexual intercourse. Maybe the best
advice to those looking for a mate or wanting to take
their relationship to a new level is to take a good long
sniff! |
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